Far-right politics

Far-right politics: A toxic brew of ideologies

Far-right politics is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has been around for decades, but its influence continues to grow in many parts of the world. It encompasses radical conservatism, authoritarianism, ultra-nationalism, and nativism, all wrapped up in a worldview that opposes liberal democratic norms. This article delves into the core elements of far-right politics, exploring its historical roots, key figures, and contemporary manifestations across different regions.

The heart of organicism

At the core of the far-right’s worldview is a concept known as organicism. This idea perceives society as a unified entity under threat from diversity. It promotes anti-immigrant sentiments and welfare chauvinism, creating a narrative that pits ‘us’ against ‘them.’ This rhetoric often leads to extreme measures, such as forced assimilation, ethnic cleansing, or even genocide.

Global reach of far-right politics

The far-right has spread its tentacles across the globe. In Western Europe, parties like Northern League in Italy and Alternative for Germany (AfD) have gained significant traction by focusing on anti-immigrant policies and opposition to globalization. Meanwhile, Eastern European countries such as Poland and Hungary have seen a rise of far-right movements that emphasize anti-communist rhetoric.

The United States: A case study

In the United States, far-right politics has taken on various forms, from white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan to neo-Nazi organizations such as The Order and the Proud Boys. These groups often use conspiracy theories and fear-mongering to gain support. The 2016 election saw a surge in support for Donald Trump, who tapped into these sentiments with his campaign rhetoric.

Historical roots and modern manifestations

The far-right has deep historical roots, dating back to the early 20th century. Thinkers like Charles Maurras and Benito Mussolini developed anti-Marxist and anti-egalitarian interpretations of socialism that eventually split from communism. This led to the emergence of nationalist theories that emphasized racial purity and agrarianism.

The Völkisch movement: A precursor to modern far-right ideologies

The Völkisch movement in late 19th century Germany drew inspiration from German Romanticism, emphasizing racial purity, agrarianism, and nationalist mysticism. Figures like Arthur de Gobineau, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Alexis Carrel, and Georges Vacher de Lapouge distorted Darwin’s theory of evolution to advocate a ‘race struggle’ and hygienist vision of the world.

Contemporary far-right politics: Key elements

The key thinkers of contemporary far-right politics share four core elements: apocalyptism, fear of global elites, belief in Carl Schmitt’s friend–enemy distinction, and the idea of metapolitics. Apocalyptic strains of thought are shared by figures like Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, and Alain de Benoist. The Traditionalist School, which includes Evola and Steve Bannon, has influenced far-right movements worldwide.

International organizations: A united front

The rise of international far-right organizations is a concerning trend. Groups like the European Alliance for Freedom and The Movement (created by Steve Bannon) have emerged to create a solidified platform for these ideologies. These organizations often draw support from nationalist parties in Europe, as well as from fringe groups in other parts of the world.

The far-right in Africa: A hidden threat

In countries like Morocco and Rwanda, far-right extremist groups have carried out genocides under ideologies such as ultranationalism and antifeminism. In South Africa, parties like the Herstigte Nasionale Party and Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) have promoted secessionist Afrikaner nationalism. These groups often operate under the radar, making it difficult to track their activities and influence.

The far-right in Asia: A growing presence

In countries like Japan, over 1,000 extremist right-wing groups exist with approximately 100,000 members. These groups promote anti-leftism, hostility towards China and Korea, and justification of Japan’s wartime role. In India, the Bharatiya Janata Party combines economic nationalism with religious nationalism, while in Indonesia, some islamists are far-right. The Chinese Communist Party under Xi Jinping has also tolerated ultraconservative and Han-centric values.

The internet: A breeding ground for far-right ideologies

The rise of the internet has given far-right movements a new platform to spread their ideas. Websites like Stormfront, Iron March, and Terrorgram on Telegram promote militant accelerationism and share instructions on how to carry out racially motivated violence and anti-government terrorism. These online communities have become breeding grounds for extremist ideologies.

The impact of far-right politics

The rise of far-right politics has had a profound impact on democratic societies. It has influenced discourse, occasionally achieving electoral success, and prompting debate. The core message is clear: far-right politics seeks to undermine liberal democratic norms and promote exclusionary views that threaten social cohesion.

The future of far-right politics

The future of far-right politics remains uncertain but concerning. As globalization continues, the internet provides a platform for these ideologies to spread, and economic inequality fuels resentment, the far-right may continue to gain support. It is crucial for societies to remain vigilant and work towards inclusive policies that address the root causes of far-right sentiment.

The far-right’s influence on politics cannot be ignored. Its core message of societal purity and exclusionary views poses a significant threat to democratic values. As we navigate this complex landscape, it is essential to understand its roots, recognize its manifestations, and work towards building more inclusive societies that reject these toxic ideologies.