Sexism

What is Sexism?

Sexism, a term coined in 1965 by Pauline M. Leet during a forum, refers to prejudice or discrimination based on one’s sex or gender, primarily affecting women and girls. This bias can manifest in various forms, from subtle microaggressions to extreme acts of violence. It is an ideology rooted in the belief that one sex is superior to another, perpetuated by social institutions at both individual and institutional levels.

Historical Context

Historically, evidence suggests that pre-agricultural societies did not exhibit higher social power for women than they do today. In ancient civilizations like Rome and China, women were often subject to laws that limited their rights and participation in politics. Even in the Anglo-Saxon era, while some women enjoyed equal status, many cultures indoctrinated female inferiority.

Sexism in Early Modern Europe

The witch hunts of early modern Europe provide a stark example of how sexism can contribute to persecution. Misogyny played a significant role in the trials and executions of women accused of witchcraft, with some countries like Saudi Arabia still considering witchcraft illegal and punishable by death.

Legal Discrimination Against Women

The system of coverture, which treated married women as property, was prevalent in U.S. and English law until the 20th century. This legal doctrine restricted women’s autonomy and freedom, with similar practices existing under Roman Dutch law and still present in some parts of Africa.

Current Legal Status

In various countries like Yemen, Iraq, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, husbands hold authority over wives. Abuses against women are often rooted in financial transactions such as dowry and bride price, which can legitimize coercive control by husbands.

Political Representation

Critics argue that discrimination against women remains strong in countries like Tunisia, despite its progressive image. The World Organisation Against Torture emphasizes the importance of independence and autonomy for women to stop mistreatment. However, many jurisdictions make it difficult for women to leave abusive marriages due to laws prohibiting divorce or de facto separation.

Gender Stereotypes in Media

Research has shown that gender stereotypes persist in media coverage, with certain issues being linked to female candidates and others to male candidates. The portrayal of female candidates often focuses on their personal qualities rather than policy positions, perpetuating biases such as the assumption that women are emotional and dependent.

Occupational Sexism

Occupational sexism refers to discriminatory practices, statements or actions based on a person’s sex occurring in the workplace. One form of this is wage discrimination, with women earning 20% less than men on average. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development found that labor market discrimination is still a crucial factor inflating disparities in employment and job opportunities.

Tokenism

Tokenism can occur when women enter predominantly male work groups, leading to negative consequences such as performance pressures, social isolation, and role encapsulation. Studies have shown that mothers are less likely to be hired than equally qualified fathers and receive lower salaries if hired.

Gender Pay Gap

The gender pay gap is a significant issue worldwide. In Europe, field experiments have found evidence of no severe levels of discrimination based on female gender, but unequal treatment is still measured in certain situations. The UN says progress on women in leadership is slow.

Impact on Women’s Health

Objectification is central to feminist theory, where a person is treated as an object or thing, denied agency, and lacking in autonomy. This can negatively impact women’s psychological health and lead to mental disorders. In advertising, men and women are stereotyped, with women often objectified.

Transgender Discrimination

Transgender people face significant workplace discrimination and harassment. The US Supreme Court has ruled that federal civil rights law protects gay, lesbian, and transgender workers. However, they still face widespread discrimination while incarcerated, including harassment, assault, and denial of medical procedures related to their reassignment.

Legal and Social Issues

Laws that dictate how women must dress are seen by many international human rights organizations as gender discrimination. The production process in the garment industry faces criticism for sexist practices. Female genital mutilation is recognized internationally as a violation of human rights, and female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are forms of gender-based violence.

Conclusion

The fight against sexism continues to be an uphill battle in many parts of the world. From legal discrimination to occupational inequality, women face numerous challenges that need to be addressed. By understanding the roots and manifestations of sexism, we can work towards a more equitable society for all genders.