Tahrir al-Sham

Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham: A Complex Entity in the Syrian Civil War

Imagine a shadowy figure standing at the crossroads of history, where the lines between politics, religion, and violence blur into an intricate web. This is Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), a Sunni Islamist organization that has played a pivotal role in the Syrian civil war since its formation in 2017. Who exactly are these people, and what drives their actions?

The Formation of HTS

In January 2017, several armed factions merged to form Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The organization was led by Abu Jaber Shaykh and aimed to unite under Islamic leadership. Was this a noble cause or a dangerous alliance? HTS’s primary goal was to wage a ‘popular jihad’ to achieve the objectives of the Syrian revolution, including ousting the Ba’athist regime and Hezbollah militants from Syrian territories.

The Offensive and Control

In December 2024, HTS launched an offensive that toppled the Assad regime, controlling most of the country. Was this a strategic move or a desperate attempt to gain power? The organization has been led by Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and former Ahrar al-Sham leaders, with representation from other groups.

Syrianization Program

HTS implemented a ‘Syrianization’ program aimed at establishing a stable civilian administration and maintaining law and order. How effective has this program been in the eyes of the people? The organization’s policies have brought it into conflict with Hurras al-Deen, Al-Qaeda’s Syrian wing, including militarily.

Allegiances and Conflicts

Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham gives allegiance to the Syrian Salvation Government and officially adheres to the Salafi school. However, it also implements Shafi’ite thought in its legal system and educational curriculum. Is this a sign of flexibility or contradiction? The organization has been designated a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254.

Military Operations and Cracks

In early 2018, reports suggested that HTS had significantly weakened. A group of armed factions declared they were ready to evacuate remaining HTS fighters from Eastern Ghouta within 15 days. Was this a sign of internal strife or external pressure? In Idlib Governorate, Ahrar al-Sham, Nour al-Din al-Zinki, and Soqour al-Sham entered into conflict with HTS, taking significant territory.

Reconstruction and Governance

In 2019, HTS seized dozens of villages from rivals and gained control over nearly the entire Idlib pocket after defeating the National Front for Liberation. Following their victory, HTS violated the ceasefire treaty brokered by Turkey and Russia by placing combat units in the demilitarized zone. Was this a strategic move or a violation of trust?

Human Rights Concerns

Despite its governance efforts, HTS has been accused of serious human rights violations and war crimes. Women activists, especially those in humanitarian or media roles, have been targeted due to their criticism of the group. Many are accused of treason and subjected to degrading conditions. Is this a necessary evil for achieving their goals?

Conclusion

Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) is a complex entity that has played a significant role in the Syrian civil war. From its formation to its current status, HTS has faced numerous challenges and criticisms. While it aims to establish Islamic rule and provide services, it also faces accusations of human rights abuses and terrorism. The organization’s future remains uncertain as it continues to navigate the complexities of the Syrian conflict.