Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950. Its proponents advocate the economic benefits of more extensively accessible hydrocarbons, as well as replacing coal with natural gas. Opponents of fracking argue that these are outweighed by the environmental impacts.
About Hydraulic fracturing in brief
Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950. As of 2012, 2. 5 million \”frac jobs\” had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells; over one million of those within the U.S. Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial. Its proponents advocate the economic benefits of more extensively accessible hydrocarbons, as well as replacing coal with natural gas. Opponents of fracking argue that these are outweighed by the environmental impacts, which include groundwater and surface water contamination, noise and air pollution. The European Union is drafting regulations that would permit the controlled application of hydraulic fracturing. It is under international scrutiny, restricted in some countries, and banned altogether in others. It has led to near-record lows of the share of household income going to energy expenditures. Drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made the United States a major crude oil exporter as of 2019, but leakage of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, has dramatically increased. There is considerable uncertainty about the scale of methane leakage associated with hydraulic fracturing, and even some evidence that leakage may cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions benefits of natural gas relative to other fossil fuels. Increases in seismic activity following hydraulic fracturing along dormant or previously unknown faults are sometimes caused by the deep-injection disposal of hydraulic hydraulic fracturing flowback, and produced formation brine.
It can cause large volumes of water to be expelled from water-filled fluid-filled fractures. Fracturing occurs when effective stress is overcome by the pressure of fluids within the rock. The minimum principal stress becomes tensile and exceeds the tensile strength of the material. Fractures formed in this way are generally oriented in a plane perpendicular to the minimum principalstress, and for this reason, hydraulic fractures in well bores can be used to determine the orientation of stresses. Most mineral vein systems are a result of repeated natural fracturing during periods of relatively high pore fluid pressure. In such cases, the fluid is magma or magma-filled, such as dikes in the upper part of the crust, and in such cases the fluid- filled cracks form of the form of magma. One example is where the vein material is part of a series of discrete fracturing events, and extra vein material deposited on each occasion of long-term natural fracturing is called ‘crack-sealismic’ Fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow oil wells dates back to 1860, when nitroglycerin was used to stimulate oil wells. The process is referred to as ‘seismic’ and can cause earthquakes to fall and fall in volume to be connodically, and to be ‘contagious’. The effects of seismic activity is in the rise and fall of the seismic activity, and can lead to large volumes of water being expelled from the fractures. This process is known as “seismismic activity’ or ‘dismemberment’ in the rock, which can cause a detonation or detonation of nitrogin.
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This page is based on the article Hydraulic fracturing published in Wikipedia (as of Dec. 17, 2020) and was automatically summarized using artificial intelligence.
