Nationalism

What is Nationalism and How Did It Begin?

Nationalism, a concept that has shaped the course of history in countless ways, can be defined as an idea or movement that holds the nation should align with the state, promoting its interests and sovereignty through self-determination and a single national identity based on shared social characteristics. But have you ever wondered how this powerful force came to be? The term ‘nationalism’ was refined by Hugo Grotius in the 17th century, but its roots go much deeper.

Origins of Nationalism

The emergence of nationalism can be traced back to various theories. Primordialism holds that nations have always existed, while perennialism accepts that nations are modern phenomena with long historical roots. Modernization theory proposes that nationalism emerged due to processes such as industrialization and mass education. These theories help us understand the complex origins of this powerful idea.

Types of Nationalism

Nationalism can be divided into two main forms: ethnic nationalism, which defines a nation based on shared ethnicity, including common language, faith, ancestry, culture, and heritage; and civic nationalism, which focuses on the association of people sharing equal rights and allegiance to similar political procedures. Both have played significant roles in shaping modern societies.

Historical Context: From the 18th Century Onwards

The late 18th century or early 19th century saw nationalism firmly established, with events like the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution serving as catalysts. The Industrial Revolution further fueled the growth of an integrated economy and a national public sphere.

Key Figures in Nationalism

Johann Gottfried Herder originated the term ‘historicism’ in 1772, emphasizing the role of common language in shaping identity. He was one of the first philosophers to suggest that identities based on language should be regarded as the primary source of legitimate political authority or locus of political resistance.

Nationalism in Europe

From France and Russia to Germany and Italy, nationalism played a significant role in shaping modern European history. In France, it was used to rally support for the revolutionary government and later to fuel a sense of revenge after defeat in war. In Germany, Otto von Bismarck achieved unification through successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.

Colonialism and Nationalism

The strong interface between nationalism and colonialism is evident in Spain’s history, where the concept of Reconquista was used to shape national identity. In Africa, nationalist movements gained strength as colonial holdings became independent states in the 1950s and 1960s.

Modern Nationalism: From the 20th Century Onwards

The 20th century saw a rise in nationalism across Europe and North America, with movements like Pegida, France’s National Front, and the UK Independence Party gaining prominence. In Russia, Vladimir Putin used nationalist sentiments to consolidate power.

Global Trends: From East to West

In Asia, the awakening of nationalism helped shape history, while in India, Hindu nationalism grew with the Bharatiya Janata Party. In Myanmar and Sri Lanka, militant Buddhist nationalism rose. Japan’s nationalist influences developed under the far-right Nippon Kaigi organization.

Theories on Nationalism

Political scientists have developed various theories to explain nationalism. The social contract theory posits a relationship between rulers and individuals, while Max Weber defined the state as a human community that successfully claims legitimacy through physical violence. Scholars like Carlton J. H. Hayes and Henry Maine contributed significantly to these ideas.

Civic vs Ethnic Nationalism

Civic nationalism defines the nation based on shared political procedures without common ethnic ancestry, while ethnic nationalism focuses on shared ethnicity. These concepts are often contrasted but both have played crucial roles in shaping modern nations.

Conclusion: The Complexities of Nationalism

Nationalism is a multifaceted concept that has shaped the world in profound ways. From its origins to its various forms and theories, nationalism continues to be a powerful force in politics and society. As we navigate our increasingly interconnected world, understanding the complexities of nationalism becomes more important than ever.