Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment

The Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment: A Crucial Unit in the American Revolution

Imagine a group of skilled marksmen, their rifles at the ready, standing as a bulwark against British forces during one of America’s most pivotal moments. This is the story of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, also known as Rawlings’ Regiment, a light infantry unit that played an essential role in the American Revolutionary War.

The Formation and Early Service

Formed in June 1776 with nine companies from Maryland and Virginia, this regiment was composed of long-range marksmen. Their primary purpose was to complement line infantry forces by providing scouting, escort, and outpost duties. These riflemen were not just any soldiers; they were chosen for their exceptional shooting skills, making them a formidable force on the battlefield.

The Battle of Fort Washington

One of the most significant events in the regiment’s history was its service at the Battle of Fort Washington. In November 1776, they defended the northern end of the fort from a large Hessian force. After heavy fighting, they were driven into the fort and ultimately surrendered. This battle marked a significant blow to the unit, as it suffered substantial casualties and desertions.

Reorganization and Continued Service

Despite the setbacks at Fort Washington, many elements of the regiment continued to serve in the Continental Army throughout the remainder of the war. In 1776, the remnants were reorganized into two composite rifle companies, commanded by Captains Alexander Lawson Smith and Gabriel Long. These units served with the Main Army during its retreat across New Jersey and participated in several battles, including Trenton and Princeton.

The Provisional Rifle Corps

In June 1777, the regiment was reorganized into the Provisional Rifle Corps, led by Daniel Morgan. Thirty-five men from Smith’s and Long’s composite companies were detached to form part of this elite unit. The Rifle Corps played a major role in the Battles of Saratoga, turning the tide for the Continental Army.

The Maryland and Virginia Regiment’s Later Years

After the formation of the Provisional Rifle Corps, the majority of the regiment remained with the Main Army. The Marylanders in Smith’s composite company served with the 11th Virginia Regiment at Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. The Virginians in Long’s composite company fought alongside them.

Leadership and Command

Moses Rawlings’ efforts to replenish his regiment were limited, but he commanded the prisoner-of-war camp at Fort Frederick and assigned command of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment. The unit was reorganized into three companies recruited to full strength in 1779. Maj. Otho Holland Williams took command after his release.

Final Days

The much-diminished unit comprised only 2 officers and 50 enlisted men by late December 1780, as part of Washington’s reorganization plans. The regiment was disbanded on November 1, 1780, with the officers receiving discharges on January 1, 1781, and the enlisted men being transferred to the Maryland Line.

The story of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment is a testament to the resilience and skill of American soldiers during one of history’s most critical periods. Their contributions, though often overshadowed by larger battles, were crucial in shaping the outcome of the Revolutionary War.