Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. She was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife.
About Elizabeth I in brief
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. She was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife. Her half-brother, Edward VI, ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey. Her older half-sister, Mary, had lost her position as legitimate heir when Henry annulled his marriage to Mary’s mother, Anne of Aragon. She had earlier been responsible for the imprisonment and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. Elizabeth’s reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, laying the foundation for the Kingdom of Great Britain.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. England’s victory against the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession from 1536. She stood as the heir presumptive to Catherine of Dorset, the Duchess of Norfolk and the Dowager Duchess of Exeter, from September 1533 to 10 September 1536, when she was three-day old. Eleven days after Anne’s execution, Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536 by her uncle, Lord Viscountford Rochford, Lord Hussey, Lord Thomas Howard, and Lord Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham. At birth, she was the heir. Effingham, the Marquess of Norfolk, was carried over the canopy by her godparents at the ceremony over the Three Gorges. She became the supreme governor of the Dorset Dorset Church, which was to evolve into the Church of England. In 1558, upon Mary’s death, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.
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