Damascus

Discovering the Timeless City of Damascus

Damascus, the capital and largest city of Syria, is a place where history whispers through every cobblestone street. Known as aš-Šām or the ‘City of Jasmine,’ this ancient metropolis has been continuously inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC. Can you imagine walking down the same streets that Abraham and Uz once trod? Damascus is more than just a city; it’s a living, breathing testament to human civilization.

The Ancient Heart of Damascus

Settled on a plateau 680 meters above sea level, surrounded by the Anti-Lebanon mountains, Damascus has always been a strategic hub. The Barada River flows through its heart, but due to urbanization and industrial pollution, it’s almost dry today. This river was once life itself for the city, irrigating the Ghouta oasis that provided food security for centuries.

Climate and Geography

Damascus experiences a cool arid climate with brief mild autumns and prolonged hot summers. Its annual rainfall is around 130 mm, occurring from October to May. The rain shadow effect makes the city one of the driest in the world, yet it has managed to thrive through droughts and political upheavals.

Historical Layers

The history of Damascus is a tapestry woven with threads of various empires and dynasties. From the Aramaeans who arrived in the 11th century BC, to the Romans and Umayyads who improved its water distribution systems, each layer adds depth to this city’s story.

From Bronze Age to Islamic Golden Age

In the Late Bronze Age, Damascus was a battleground between Hittites and Egyptians. The arrival of the Sea Peoples marked the beginning of new development in warfare, leading to the rise of Damascus as an influential center during the Iron Age. By the 8th century BC, it had practically been engulfed by the Assyrians but remained the economic and cultural center of the Near East.

Islamic Era

The Islamic era brought significant changes. In 634 CE, Damascus was conquered by Khalid ibn al-Walid for the Rashidun Caliphate. Under the Umayyads, it became the capital of the Islamic empire. The construction of the Grand Mosque of Damascus in 706 under Caliph al-Walid is a testament to its importance.

Medieval and Ottoman Periods

The city’s fortunes fluctuated during the medieval period. After the Mongol invasion in 1260, it was ruled by various groups until the Ottomans took control in 1516. Under Ottoman rule, Damascus thrived as a Hajj caravan point and saw significant architectural developments.

Modern Challenges

In recent years, Damascus has faced numerous challenges, including civil war and drought. Despite these hardships, it remains a vibrant city with a rich cultural heritage. The Old City of Damascus was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1979, recognizing its historical significance.

Modern Damascus

Today, Damascus is a bustling metropolis with over 2.5 million inhabitants. It’s home to several universities and institutions that contribute to its educational prowess. The city has a motorway network connecting it to other cities in Syria and abroad. Public transport includes buses and minibuses, and the main airport, Damascus International Airport, had connections to many countries before the civil war.

Cultural Attractions

Visitors can explore the Umayyad Mosque, one of the largest mosques in the world, and the Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque. The Old City with its seven extant city gates offers a glimpse into centuries past. Museums like the National Museum of Damascus and Azem Palace house treasures from different eras.

Education and Sports

Damascus University, established in 1925, is the oldest and largest university in Syria. The city also boasts several sports clubs participating in the Syrian Premier League and other sports such as football, basketball, swimming, and chess. Plans for a metro system are underway to modernize public transportation.

Recreation and Nightlife

Damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders through the Syrian Arab Horse Association. The city has several parks, including Tishreen Park and Ghouta oasis, as well as recreation centers and sports clubs. The nightlife is vibrant with international coffeehouses offering traditional activities like nargileh.

Conclusion

Damascus, a city that has seen the rise and fall of empires, continues to stand tall. Its rich history, cultural wealth, and resilience make it a unique destination. As you explore its ancient streets, remember that every stone tells a story, and every breath you take is part of this timeless narrative.