Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. These laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Southern Democrat-dominated state legislatures. The laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, in which the U.S. Supreme Court laid out its’separate but equal’ legal doctrine for facilities for African Americans.
About Jim Crow laws in brief
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. These laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Southern Democrat-dominated state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by black people during the Reconstruction period. Jim Crow laws and Jim Crow state constitutional provisions mandated the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation. The origin of the phrase ‘Jim Crow’ has often been attributed to a song-and-dance caricature of black people performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface, which first surfaced in 1828 and was used to satirize Andrew Jackson’s populist policies. As a result of Rice’s fame, \”Jim Crow\” by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning ‘Negro’, or ‘black’ in English. The laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, in which the U.S. Supreme Court laid out its’separate but equal’ legal doctrine for facilities for African Americans. In 1954, segregation ofpublic schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education. In some states, it took many years to implement this decision, while the Warren Court continued to rule against the Jim Crow Laws in other cases such as Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow Law laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting rights Act of 1965. The U. S. military was already segregated. President Woodrow Wilson, a Southern Democrat, initiated the segregations of federal workplaces in 1913.
Between 1890 and 1910, ten of the former Confederate states, starting with Mississippi, effectively disenfranchised most black people and tens of thousands of white people through a combination of white poll taxes, literacy and comprehension tests for white people. In 1877, a compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the government’s withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White, Democratic, Redeemer governments legislated segregating black people from the black population in every Southern state. Blacks were still elected throughout the local areas with large black population, but their voting was suppressed throughout the 1880s. In one instance, an outright coup or insurrection in coastal North Carolina led to the violent removal of democratically elected non-Democratic party executive and representative officials, who were either hunted down or hounded out. In 1868, with increasing violence against blackpeople during campaigns from 1868 onward, the White League and the Red Shirts were used to disrupt Republican organizing, run Republican officeholders out of town, and intimidate black people to suppress their voting. In the 1870s, Democrats gradually regained power in the southern legislatures, after having used insurgent paramilitary groups, such as the WhiteLeague and the White Shirts, to disrupt GOP organizing, and intimidation black people. Between 1868 and 1890, 10 of the eleven Confederate states passed constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchise black people, starting. with Mississippi.
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This page is based on the article Jim Crow laws published in Wikipedia (as of Dec. 14, 2020) and was automatically summarized using artificial intelligence.
