Hezbollah

Hezbollah: A Lebanese Political and Paramilitary Group

Hezbollah is a complex entity that has evolved significantly since its inception in 1982. Founded by Lebanese clerics as a response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, this group has become a significant player not only in Lebanese politics but also on the international stage. Its origins and evolution are shrouded in controversy, with scholars debating when Hezbollah truly became a distinct entity.

The Formation and Early Years

Some sources cite 1982 as the official formation of Hezbollah, while others argue it remained an amalgamation until 1985. A more specific timeline suggests that Hezbollah was formed by supporters of Sheikh Ragheb Harb after his killing by Israel in 1984. Regardless of its exact origins, one thing is clear: Hezbollah quickly became a formidable force in the Lebanese civil war.

Hezbollah’s Role in the Lebanese Civil War

As a rival to the Amal Movement, Hezbollah played a significant role in opposing American forces and Amal/Syria during the War of the Camps. Its primary focus was ending Israel’s occupation of southern Lebanon following the 1982 invasion and siege of Beirut.

The Evolution into a Political Entity

By the 1990s, Hezbollah had transformed from a military resistance group to a political one. It participated in elections and engaged in dialogues with Christians, forming the Lebanese Brigades to Fight the Israeli Occupation. This transformation highlights its adaptability and strategic evolution.

The Ideology of Hezbollah

Hezbollah’s ideology is summarized as Shi’i radicalism, heavily influenced by Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini’s Islamic Shi’a theology. Iran provides substantial financial and military backing, positioning Hezbollah as the leading member of the ‘Axis of Resistance.’ Despite being designated a terrorist group by over 21 countries, Hezbollah remains a powerful non-state actor with an estimated 100,000 fighters.

Hezbollah’s Goals and Tactics

The group’s primary goal has been the elimination of the State of Israel since its inception. Its ideology is rooted in fighting American and Israeli imperialism, as outlined in Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin’s 1985 manifesto. Hezbollah employs a wide range of tactics, from conventional military operations to asymmetric warfare using suicide attacks.

Anti-Semitic Views

Hezbollah’s anti-Semitic views are well-documented. The group engages in Holocaust denial and spreads anti-Semitic conspiracy theories through its media outlets. It has also pressured schools to remove references to the Holocaust from curricula, further cementing its controversial stance.

The Organization and Funding

Hezbollah’s governing structure is concentrated on religious leaders who make decisions that flow down the community. The organization receives significant financial support from Iran, Lebanese business groups, private persons, and other sources. It also organizes an extensive social development program, running hospitals, schools, and providing economic and infrastructure projects.

Political Influence

Hezbollah holds 14 seats in the Parliament of Lebanon and is part of the Resistance and Development Bloc. The group participates in political alliances and protests, including joining the March 8 Alliance since March 2005. Despite its controversial nature, Hezbollah enjoys broad-based support among the majority Shia Muslim population.

Counterintelligence and Military Strength

Hezbollah’s counterintelligence apparatus is described as one of the best in the world, collaborating with Lebanese intelligence agencies and having infiltrated Israeli military operations. The organization has a significant stockpile of missiles and rockets, including long-range rockets such as the Katyusha-122 rocket, Fajr-3 and Fajr-5 missiles, and the Zelzal-1 missile.

Hezbollah’s Involvement in Conflicts

Hezbollah has been involved in numerous conflicts, including the 2006 Lebanon War against Israel. The group also played a significant role in the Syrian civil war, fighting against Islamic extremists and supporting the Assad regime. Its involvement in these conflicts has further solidified its status as a powerful non-state actor.

Attacks and Allegations

Hezbollah is accused of being involved in various attacks, including the 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing and Beirut barracks bombing. The group has also been linked to attacks on Israeli targets outside Lebanon, such as the 2006 Lebanon War and the 2012 Burgas bus bombing.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Hezbollah remains a complex entity with deep roots in Lebanese politics and a significant presence on the international stage. Its ideology, tactics, and funding make it a formidable force, despite its controversial nature. As the group continues to evolve, so too will its impact on regional stability.