CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteria during subsequent infections. The editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnology products, and treatment of diseases.
About CRISPR in brief
CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteria during subsequent infections. CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% ofsequenced archaea and have created CRisPR gene editing systems. The editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnology products, and treatment of diseases. The CR ISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was a significant contributor to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 being awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. The discovery of clustered DNA repeats occurred independently in three parts of the world. The first description of what would later be called CRISpr is from Osaka University researcher Yoshizumi Ishino and his colleagues in 1987. In 2005, three independent research groups showed that some DNA spacers derived from phage DNA and extrachromosomal DNA such as plasmids are a sign to attack the DNA of bacteria. All three studies proposing this idea were initially rejected by high-profile journals, but eventually appeared in other journals. The source of the spacers was eukaryotic cells used by this hypothesis to interfere with the RNA interference system used by eukARYotic cells. The researchers at the University of Alicante, Spain predicted a role for the RNA transcript of spacers in a mechanism that could be analogous to the interference used by the RNA system used in eukaries to target viruses.
They extended this hypothesis by proposing a role in microbial immunity of CRIS PR-Cas-Cas in microbial cells by extending this hypothesis into a microbial immunity system by adding a gene called Cas9 to the genome of the bacterium Haloferax volcanii. This was the first full characterization of the CRISpl family of repeats. In 2000, Francisco Mojica and his students performed a search in published genomes with a program devised by himself. They identified interrupted repeats in 20 species of microbes as belonging to the same family. The Cas proteins showed helicase and nuclease motifs, suggesting a role in the dynamic structure of theCRISpr loci. Four cas genes were initially recognized. The Cas genes were initially identified as having a role to play in the immune system of the bacteria. In 2002, Tang, et al. showed evidence that CRISPL repeat regions from the genome. were transcribed into long RNA molecules that were subsequently processed into unit-length small RNAs, plus some longer forms of 2, 3, or more spacer-repeat units. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. In 2009, Koonin Koon and colleagues at the Alicante University, Spain, predicted the role of this RNA transcript on the RNA recognition in the immunity of bacteria by extending the hypothesis.
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This page is based on the article CRISPR published in Wikipedia (as of Dec. 10, 2020) and was automatically summarized using artificial intelligence.
