William Garrow

William Garrow: The Lawyer Who Shaped Modern Justice

Imagine a time when justice was not just blind but also deaf and dumb—until William Garrow came along. Born in 1760, Garrow revolutionized the legal system by introducing concepts that are now fundamental to our judicial process. He wasn’t just a lawyer; he was a reformer who changed how we perceive and practice law today.

The Early Years

William Garrow’s journey began in his father’s school, where he laid the groundwork for what would become an illustrious career. He then apprenticed under Thomas Southouse, an attorney in Cheapside, learning the ropes of legal practice. But it was at the Old Bailey that Garrow truly honed his skills, observing cases and gaining invaluable experience.

From Prosecutor to Defender

Garrow’s career took a significant turn when he became a solicitor or barrister after Crompton’s recommendation. He joined Lincoln’s Inn in 1778 and was called to the Bar in 1783, quickly establishing himself as a criminal defence counsel. His first case as a prosecutor saw him convict John Henry Aikles for obtaining a bill of exchange under false pretences. However, his reputation truly soared when he successfully defended Aikles due to ill-health.

Aggressive Cross-Examination and Jury Nullification

Garrow was known for his aggressive cross-examination style, which often involved jury nullification—using the jury’s discretion to limit punishment. This approach allowed him to defend clients effectively, even when the evidence seemed overwhelming.

High-Profile Cases and Political Involvement

As his practice grew, Garrow worked on many high-profile cases, including treason and sedition trials. His appointment as a King’s Counsel in 1793 was met with mixed responses from the press. During the French Revolution era, he took on more complex cases against leading barristers, further cementing his reputation.

Legal Reforms and Advocacy

Garrow’s work extended beyond criminal defence; he advocated for various reforms. He prosecuted Thomas Picton for causing torture, delivering a speech that was considered one of his best. His political connections led him to become Solicitor General and then Attorney General for the Prince of Wales.

Parliamentary Career and Judicial Appointments

Garrow entered Parliament in 1805 as a Whig but paid little attention until later. He opposed Marquess Wellesley’s impeachment charge and spoke on a legal technicality six years later. His judicial career included appointments as Chief Justice of Chester, Baron of the Exchequer, and Serjeant-at-Law.

Personal Life and Legacy

Garrow had an irregular relationship with Sarah Dore, whom he married in 1793 after the birth of their two children. Sarah died in 1808, leaving behind a scandal involving her son William Arthur Dore Hill. Despite personal challenges, Garrow’s children went on to have successful careers.

Posthumous Recognition and Influence

Garrow’s work was largely forgotten until the late 20th century when scholars such as John Beattie and Allyson May published studies on him. His influence is still felt today, with his work cited in court cases as recently as 1982 and 2006. Garrow’s insistence led to the best evidence rule and autonomy for lawyers when adducing evidence.

William Garrow’s legacy is a testament to the power of reform and the importance of justice. He transformed the legal landscape, ensuring that every individual is presumed innocent until proven guilty—a principle that continues to guide our judicial system today.