Sentences

The Sentences: A Pillar of Medieval Theology

Imagine a towering library where every shelf is filled with books that have shaped the course of human thought for centuries. One such book, The Sentences, written by Peter Lombard around 1150, stands out as a monumental compendium of Christian theology. This work was not just any ordinary text; it was the most important religious textbook of its time, serving as a cornerstone in the intellectual landscape of medieval Europe.

Origins and Compilation

The Sentences didn’t spring into existence fully formed but rather grew through a process that spanned two phases between 1154 and 1158. It built upon earlier efforts such as Prosper of Aquitaine’s Sententia, Augustine of Hippo’s writings, and Isidore of Seville’s Sentenciae. Peter Lombard collected glosses from Church Fathers and other sources, citing Augustine over 1,000 times. This meticulous compilation resulted in a work that was not only comprehensive but also deeply rooted in the teachings of the early Church.

Widespread Use and Influence

The impact of The Sentences can be gauged from the fact that nearly 900 extant manuscripts of the work exist. This number alone speaks volumes about its widespread use and the reverence it commanded among scholars. Alexander of Hales further grouped these chapters into ‘distinctions’ between 1223 and 1227, making the text even more accessible to students and theologians.

It was widely adopted as a theological textbook in the Middle Ages. A commentary on Lombard’s work was required for every master of theology, and students who completed it could apply for bachelor status within the theology faculty. This underscores its importance not just as a text but as a rite of passage into the academic world of theology.

Debates and Controversies

In 1170, Pope Alexander III instructed William of Champgane to renounce Lombard’s ‘vicious doctrine.’ However, this debate lingered, and the book remained a fundamental text for centuries. Even as some criticized its doctrines, others found it invaluable. By 2001, there were 1,600 commentaries on the Sentences, indicating its enduring relevance.

Modern Translations and Resources

The work has been translated into English, with Giulio Silano translating books 1-4 between 2007-2010. A list of books and online resources related to Peter Lombard’s ‘Sentences’ is available, including a book by Philipp W. Rosemann, various manuscript versions, and commentaries. These resources ensure that the wisdom contained within The Sentences continues to be accessible to scholars and students alike.

As we reflect on the enduring legacy of The Sentences, it’s clear that this work has not only shaped the theological landscape but also continues to influence modern thought. It serves as a reminder of how ideas from centuries past can still resonate and inspire us today.