Sale of Dunkirk

The Sale of Dunkirk: A Turning Point in History

Imagine a pivotal moment in history, where one nation’s sovereignty was traded for financial gain. This is exactly what happened on October 27, 1662, when Charles II of England sold his sovereign rights to Dunkirk and Fort-Mardyck to Louis XIV of France for five million livres. Was this a wise decision or a desperate move?

The Background: A Complicated History

Dunkirk had been occupied by English forces since 1658, following the Battle of the Dunes. This occupation was part of a broader strategy during the Anglo-French conflicts of the mid-17th century. The Treaty of Paris (1657) promised that Dunkirk would be ceded to England, but Louis XIV honored this treaty after his victory in 1659.

During their occupation, English forces included regiments under William Lockhart and Roger Alsop. These troops were later reinforced by French troops, creating a complex web of alliances and dependencies. In 1659, many of these regiments were sent back to England or returned to fight with Spain, leaving Dunkirk in a precarious position.

The Treaty of the Pyrenees: A Temporary Victory

Despite the initial promise from Louis XIV, the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) confirmed English possession of Dunkirk. However, this victory was short-lived. After the Restoration in 1660, Charles II faced significant financial and political challenges. The sale of Dunkirk became a necessity rather than an option.

Charles II’s decision to sell Dunkirk was driven by financial concerns and a desire to avoid potential international relations liabilities. This move was not without controversy; it was opposed by many in England, including Edward Backwell, who had served as Treasurer of Dunkirk under both Republican and Royal governments.

A Gambling Man: Charles II and the Restoration

Charles II has been described as a ‘Gambling Man,’ and his decision to sell Dunkirk can be seen as one of many high-stakes gambles he made during his reign. The sale was part of a broader strategy to secure England’s position in Europe, but it also marked the end of English control over this strategic port.

The sale of Dunkirk had far-reaching consequences. It not only affected the geopolitical landscape of Western Europe but also influenced the economic and military strategies of both nations involved. The transfer of sovereignty from one crown to another was a significant event that shaped the future of both England and France.

Conclusion

The sale of Dunkirk on October 27, 1662, was a pivotal moment in history, marking the end of English control over this strategic port. It was a decision driven by financial necessity and political strategy, but it also had profound implications for both nations involved. Charles II’s gamble paid off in the short term, but the long-term effects were far-reaching. The sale of Dunkirk remains a fascinating chapter in the history of Anglo-French relations, reminding us that even the most significant decisions can be shaped by complex and often unforeseen circumstances.