Mycena haematopus

Mycena haematopus: A Fungus with a Rich History

Imagine stepping into the dense forest of Europe or North America, where you might stumble upon a fascinating species of fungus—Mycena haematopus. This little-known mycophile might just be hiding in plain sight, waiting to reveal its secrets.

The Naming and Classification

Initially named Agaricus haematopus way back in 1799, this species didn’t gain its current name until 1871. It’s part of the family Mycenaceae, nestled within the genus Mycena, and classified under the section Lactipedes. Its synonyms include Galactopus and Mycena sanguinolenta var. cuspidata. Isn’t it intriguing how a name can change over time?

The Fruit Body: A Masterpiece of Nature

When you come across Mycena haematopus, the first thing that catches your eye is its fruit body. The cap, which can grow up to 4 cm wide, has a scalloped edge and a reddish hue. Beneath this cap lies a whitish gill system, with a stem that’s dark red and covered in coarse hairs. These features make it stand out among other fungi.

As the mushroom matures, its appearance changes dramatically. Young caps are ovoid to conical, but as they grow, they become campanulate (bell-shaped) before finally flattening into a disc with a central umbo. The surface of the cap is initially dry and powdery, turning polished and moist as it ages.

Inside the Mushroom

The flesh of Mycena haematopus ranges from pale to vinaceous red, oozing a dark red latex when cut or broken. This latex is not just a visual spectacle; it’s also a key characteristic that helps identify this species. The gills are adnate (attached) to the stem and develop reddish-brown stains as they mature.

The stem itself can grow up to 9 cm tall, with a hollow and brittle structure. It’s dark reddish-brown at the base but becomes pale cinnamon-colored towards the top, wearing off with age. This unique appearance makes it easy to spot even in dense forests.

Microscopic Marvels

Under the microscope, Mycena haematopus reveals a fascinating world of its own. Its spore print is white, and its spores are elliptical, smooth, measuring 8-11 x 5-7 μm. Amyloid spores absorb iodine when stained, while basidia (spore-bearing cells) are 4-spored. The cystidia on the edges of gills measure 33-60 x 9-12 μm, and caulocystidia appear in clusters, clublike to irregular in shape.

Lactifers produce latex secreted when cut, adding another layer of complexity to this species. Bioluminescence is weak but present, helping it attract insects or deter heterotrophs. The biochemical basis for this bioluminescence remains a mystery, waiting to be unraveled by curious scientists.

Edibility and Chemical Compounds

Mycena haematopus is considered edible but not worth collecting due to its small size. Some sources recommend avoiding consumption because it hasn’t been tested for toxins. The taste is mild to slightly bitter, making it a less desirable choice for the average mushroom hunter.

However, this species isn’t just about its appearance and taste; it produces unique chemicals such as haematopodin B, a pigment that breaks down easily in air and light. Haematopodins are the first pyrroloquinoline alkaloids discovered in fungi, which also occur in marine sponges and have biological properties including cytotoxicity against tumor cells.

Ecological Role

Mycena haematopus plays a crucial role as a saprobe, obtaining nutrients from decomposing organic matter. It grows on stumps and well-decayed logs in groups joined by a common base, making it a late colonizer fungus that appears after the wood has been decayed by white rot species.

Its distribution spans across various regions, including Alaska to North America, Europe, Japan, Mérida, Venezuela, and the Netherlands. It can be found year-round in mild weather, adding to its adaptability as a forest dweller.

Parasitism and Similar Species

Interestingly, Mycena haematopus can be parasitized by Spinellus fusiger, giving it a strikingly hairy appearance. This interaction adds another layer of complexity to its life cycle.

Similar species include Mycena sanguinolenta, M. californiensis, and M. purpureofusca. Each has unique characteristics that set them apart, making the world of fungi a fascinating field for exploration.

As we delve deeper into the world of fungi, species like Mycena haematopus remind us of the intricate and often overlooked beauty in nature. From its unique bioluminescence to its chemical compounds, this little-known fungus continues to captivate scientists and mycophiles alike.

In conclusion, Mycena haematopus is more than just a small, reddish mushroom; it’s a testament to the complexity and diversity of life in our forests. Its presence serves as a reminder that there’s always more to discover in the natural world around us.