Extremism

Understanding Extremism: A Complex Phenomenon

Extremism is ‘the quality or state of being extreme’ or ‘the advocacy of extreme measures or views.’ It’s a term that often gets thrown around, but what exactly does it mean? Is extremism just about having strong opinions, or is there more to it?

The Spectrum of Extremism

Imagine the political spectrum as a long line stretching from mild interest on one end to fanaticism on the other. Extremism can be seen anywhere along this line, but what makes something ‘extreme’? The answer isn’t always clear-cut.

The Subjective Nature of Extremism

Is labeling activities, people, and groups as ‘extreme’ purely objective? Not really. Different observers may view the same act as just or immoral depending on their values and context. It’s like trying to decide if a color is red or orange; it all depends on your perspective.

Violence and Extremism

Extremist acts often employ violent means, with low power groups more likely to use direct violence while dominant groups use structural forms of oppression. But what about the individuals within these groups? Can they be conflicted or ambivalent?

The Inner Dynamics of Extremists

According to researchers like Laird Wilcox, extremists share 21 traits, including absolute positions and intolerance towards different groups. These traits can create a closed, fixed mindset that makes change difficult.

The Roots of Extremism

Why do people become extremists? Some theories suggest it’s a form of self-destructive self-hatred or an emotional outlet for severe feelings stemming from oppression and resentment. Others see it as a rational strategy in a game over power.

Psychological Features of Extremists

A 2018 study at University College London found that people with extreme political views showed significantly worse metacognition and greater confidence in their beliefs. Four common psychological features include psychological distress, simplistic black-and-white perceptions, overconfidence in judgments, and intolerance towards different groups.

The Labeling of Extremism

Is the term ‘extremist’ being used correctly? Prominent figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Barry Goldwater, and Robert F. Kennedy have spoken out against the dangers of extremism and the importance of critical thinking and tolerance. It’s a reminder that labels can be misleading.

The Case of Russia

In Russia, laws prohibiting extremist content are used to suppress free speech. Publications classified as ‘extremist’ include protests against court rulings and criticism of authorities. This highlights the political nature of labeling something as extreme.

Other Perspectives on Extremism

Arno Gruen views extremism as a plague caused by self-destructive self-hatred, while Dr. Kathleen Taylor sees religious fundamentalism as a mental illness that can be cured. Jan-Willem van Prooijen identified psychological features of extremists as psychological distress, cognitive simplicity, overconfidence, and intolerance.

The Sister Souljah Moment

Public repudiations of extremist individuals or groups are sometimes referred to as the ‘Sister Souljah moment.’ Meanwhile, during the Cold War period, ‘subversive’ was often used interchangeably with ‘extremist.’

Conclusion: The Complexity of Extremism

Extremism is a complex phenomenon that defies simple definitions. It’s a spectrum ranging from mild interest to fanaticism, influenced by factors such as identity, ideology, and social context. Understanding extremism requires looking beyond labels and delving into the psychological and political roots of this challenging issue.