Cannabis

What is Cannabis and Where Does It Come From?

Cannabis, a genus of flowering plants in the Cannabaceae family, has been around for thousands of years. Where did it all begin? The plant’s origins are believed to be in Asia, with three recognized species: C. sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis. These plants have a long history of use, from fiber production to medicine and even as a recreational drug.

The Three Species of Cannabis

Each species has its unique characteristics. Cannabis sativa, for instance, is often used for industrial purposes like hemp, while Cannabis indica is more commonly associated with psychoactive effects. The third species, Cannabis ruderalis, is known for its auto-flowering traits.

The Sex Determination of Cannabis Plants

Sex determination in Cannabis plants can be a complex issue. Most strains are short day plants, but some varieties like C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea may be day-neutral or auto-flowering. The plant is predominantly dioecious, meaning male and female flowers grow on separate plants. However, monoecious varieties exist where individual plants bear both types of flowers.

Chemical Phenotypes and Classification

The chemical phenotype or ‘chemotype’ of Cannabis has been a key factor in its classification. Non-drug plants produce low THC and high CBD, while drug plants have the opposite profile. Cross-pollination between chemotypes results in intermediate chemotypes. The debate over whether Cannabis constitutes one species or multiple continues to this day.

Historical Classification of Cannabis

The classification of Cannabis has evolved significantly since its first description by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Russian botanist D. E. Janichevsky proposed an alternative system in 1924, while Nikolai Vavilov introduced a three-species system in 1929. In the early 20th century, the single-species concept was widely accepted, except in the Soviet Union where active research continued.

Modern Classification and Genetic Polymorphism

A taxonomic revision by Ernest Small and Arthur Cronquist in 1976 recognized C. sativa with two subspecies (hemp or drug) and two varieties each: C. sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa, domesticated variety; C. sativa L. subsp. sativa var. spontanea Vav., wild or escaped variety; C. sativa L. subsp. indica (Lam.) Small & Cronq., primarily selected for drug production; and C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiristanica (Vav.) Small & Cronq, wild or escaped variety.

Genetic and Morphological Variation

Molecular analytical techniques have shown an ‘extremely high’ degree of genetic polymorphism among populations, suggesting a single species consisting of multiple strains. Investigations support recognition of C. sativa and C. indica as separate species but not C. ruderalis.

Uses and Benefits

Cannabis has been used for various purposes throughout history, including mind-altering drugs, psychoactive properties, and fiber production. It has a wide range of recreational uses with over 100 million Americans having tried it in the US alone.

Medical Applications

The plant’s medical benefits are numerous. It reduces nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, improves appetite in HIV/AIDS patients, treats chronic pain and muscle spasms. Research is ongoing for its potential effects on stroke, depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychosis.

Industrial Uses

Hemp, a form of Cannabis with less than 0.3% THC by dry weight in the US, is valuable for fibers, construction material, textiles, clothing, foodstuffs, and biofuels. The 2018 Farm Bill established this classification and refined it to include hemp-sourced extracts, cannabinoids, and derivatives.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Cannabis has a rich history in many cultures. It was first domesticated around 12,000 years ago in East Asia during the early Neolithic period. The oldest written record of its use dates back to the Greek historian Herodotus, who described Scythians taking cannabis steam baths.

Conclusion

Cannabis has been a part of human culture for thousands of years, with uses ranging from medicine and fiber production to recreational enjoyment. Its classification remains complex, but its benefits continue to be explored in modern times. As research progresses, we may uncover even more about this versatile plant.