The 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état, code-named Operation PBSuccess, was a covert operation carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. It deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944–1954. It installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas. Described as the definitive deathblow to democracy in Guatemala, the coup was widely criticized internationally and strengthened the long-lasting anti-U. s. sentiment in Latin America.
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The 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état, code-named Operation PBSuccess, was a covert operation carried out by the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency. It deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944–1954. It installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S. -backed authoritarian rulers in Guatemala. Described as the definitive deathblow to democracy in Guatemala, the coup was widely criticized internationally, and strengthened the long-lasting anti-U. s. sentiment in Latin America. The coup was preceded by U.s. efforts to criticize and isolate Guatemala internationally, backed by a heavy campaign of psychological warfare and air bombings of Guatemala City and a naval blockade. Nearly four decades of civil war followed, as leftist guerrillas fought the series of authoritarian regimes whose brutalities include a genocide of the Maya peoples. The United Fruit Company, whose highly profitable business had been affected by the end to exploitative labor practices in Guatemalan, engaged in an influential lobbying campaign to persuade the United States to overthrow the government. The CIA launched Operation PBHistory, which sought evidence of Soviet influence in Guatemala among documents from the ÁRbenz era: the effort was a failure. In 1895, President Grover Cleveland laid out a more militant version of the doctrine, stating that the U S. was ‘practically sovereign’ on the continent. Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, President Theodore Roosevelt used this interpretation to create a more aggressive interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine.
While the doctrine did not initially enforce itself, many European powers withdrew from Latin America in the 19th century, allowing the U S. to expand its influence throughout the region. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 warned the European powers against further colonization inLatin America. It was also used to create an economic empire across the Caribbean, such as with the 1903 treaty with Cuba, that heavily tilted the U S. in the favor of Cuba. The U. S. did not enforce the doctrine until after the Second World War, when it signed the Treaty of Versailles with the Spanish-American Treaty of 1898. The doctrine also contained racially condescending language, which likened Latin American countries to squabbling children, and likened Latin America to squabbling squabbling squabbles. In the 1950s, President Eisenhower promised to take a harder line against communism. Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to carry out a coup in August 1953, and it was carried out on 18 June 1954. The invasion force fared poorly militarily, and most of its offensives were defeated. However, psychological warfare and the fear of a U. S invasion intimidated the Guatemala army, which eventually refused to fight. Á rbenz briefly and unsuccessfully attempted to arm civilians to resist the invasion, before resigning on 27 June, following negotiations in San Salvador.
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